2013年10月30日星期三

实施SAP的真正目的和影响


  各种SAP应用的程序在日常工作中习以为常地运行着各式各样的业务。但是仔细观察就会发现SAP对财务基础的影响,如果SAP业务解决方案实施的很好,就可以帮助机构提高总收入和降低净支出,从盈利的角度看,SAP可以再以下方面提供帮助。
  发现和管理新市场。
  在产品和服务商方面进行创新,以迎合新市场的需求。
  改善公司与现有客户关系,从而提高销售量,建立更巩固的销售联系,或获得更大的市场份额,同理,通过在以下方面发挥作用,SAP还可以帮助降低成本。
  通过精简业务流程、最大限度地提高资产生产力、最大限度地缩短无收益时间。
  通过纵向整合降低公司的原材料成本。
  通过提高管理可见性和业务流程透明度,降低公司在货品、物料、劳动力等方面的成本。
  降低内部运营成本。
  最大限度提高库存和供应商折扣。
  重新设计公司的服务交付流程。
  通过更快速度地找出改进成本模型和优化低效流程的机遇,来降低公司的“改变成本”。
  改进公司管理、交付、优化、跟踪和提高产品和服务质量。

  在提高销量的同时又能降低成本的公司必然可以比竞争对手取得更大的商业成功,而能够更好地管理改变风险的公司甚至更有希望能够在激烈的竞争中拔得头筹。

SAP FICO知识点

SAP FICO知识点
科目表位于公司代码(company code)之上,集团(client)之下。科目表的科目在总帐的主数据中维护。
· 在SAP中的科目没有1,2,3级科目的分法,全部是一级科目。科目代码长度为8位,在报表层次,会根据科目代码的前4位编码汇集成一个科目显示。
· 统驭科目不用来直接记帐,它是由应收模块、应付模块和固定资产模块直接过帐的。
· 总帐科目的录入需遵循“有借必有贷,借贷必相等”的原则。借贷两边都需同时录入。对于应收、应付的发票录入,则单边即可。系统会自动根据所选的客户或供应商生成双边分录。

· SAP的凭证类别基本分为收、付、转三类,和传统的会计凭证分类一样。
o SA,总帐凭证。(转帐凭证)
o KA,供应商凭证。(付款凭证)
o KR,应付供应商凭证。(付款凭证)
o KG,供应商转来的经字发票,SAP称为贷方凭证。(付款凭证)
o KZ,付款给供应商的凭证。(付款凭证)
o DA,顾客凭证。(收款凭证)
o DR,开具发票给顾客的凭证。(收款凭证)
o DG,开具红字发票给顾客的凭证。(收款凭证)
o DZ,向顾客收款的凭证。(收款凭证)
o AA,与固定资产相关的凭证。
· 特殊总帐标记有A,B,C,D四种,分别对应预收帐款,应收票据,预收款请求和担保。

CO知识点
· 一个成本控制范围下可包含一个公司代码,也可包含多个公司代码。
· 成本流和成本对象是管理会计的基本概念。成本流描述企业内部的价值流,像是穿梭在企业中的河道。而成本对象则像是一个个湖泊,起来收集成本的作用。
· 管理会计凭证记录了什么性质的成本(多数为损益)从哪里流向哪里。它也借用了财务会计中的“借/贷”的概念。如:
· 借:成本的流入
· 贷:成本的流出
· 管理会计凭证不像财务会计凭证那样借贷必相等。当管理会计凭证的借贷方都是成本对象时,借贷才会相等。
· 成本要素是用来描述管理会计中成本流本质的一个概念。成本要素分两大类,一类是初级成本要素,对应财务会计中的损益类科目。另一类是次级成本要素,可用来描述管理会计内部各成本对象间成本流转时的成本性质。也就是说可以把同类的损益类科目设置成一个次级成本要素,以便归集费用进行分摊到各部门。
· 生产订单状态
· TECO 技术实现
· REL 已释放
· CRTD 建立
· PCNF 部分确认
· DLV 交货
· GMPS 已过帐的货物移动
· MANC 未检查物料可用性
· NTUP 日期未更新
· PCC 使用的生产成本归集器
· PRC 预花费
· SETC 结算规则维护
· KS01创建成本中心
· KSH1创建成本中心组
· KA01创建初级成本要素,需对应科目表中的损益类科目
· KA06创建次级成本要素
· KP26输入成本中心的标准作业量
· KP06输入成本中心的标准费用
· KSPI计算标准作业价格
· KSU5建立和执行费用分摊循环
· KB31N 输入分摊指数
· CK11N计算成品的标准成本
· CK24标记并发布物料的标准成本
· KKAX计算在产品
· MFN1、CON2实际作业价格重估
· KOB1查看成本信息
· KKS2计算差异
· KO88结算定单
· OKP1 CO开关帐
财务专业术语表
· chart of accounts-----科目表
· fiscal year-----会计年度
· document-----凭证
· posting priods-----过帐期间 (OB52)
· activity type-----作业类型
· overhead-----间接费用

· credit-----贷方

2013年10月23日星期三

Rumor as Political Communication Strategy (2006)


In the past, much research on rumor came from psychological approaches (as the discussion of Allport and DiFonzio demonstrates above). The focus was especially on how statements of questionable veracity (absolutely false to the ears of some listeners) circulated orally from person to person. Scholarly attention to political rumors is at least as old as Aristotle's Rhetoric; however, not until recently has any sustained attention and conceptual development been directed at political uses of rumor, outside of its role in war situations. Almost no work had been done until recently on how different forms of media and particular cultural-historical conditions may facilitate a rumor's diffusion.[9]
The internet's recent appearance as a new media technology has shown ever new possibilities for the fast diffusion of rumor, as the debunking sites such as snopes.com, urbanlegend.com, and factcheck.org demonstrate. Nor had previous research taken into consideration the particular form or style of deliberately chosen rumors for political purposes in particular circumstances (even though significant attention to the power of rumor for mass-media-diffused war propaganda has been in vogue since World War I; see Lasswell 1927).[9] In the early part of the 21st century, some legal scholars have attended to political uses of rumor, though their conceptualization of it remains social psychological and their solutions to it as public problem are from a legal scholarly perspective, largely having to do with libel and privacy laws and the damage to personal reputations.[10]
Working within political communication studies, in 2006, Jayson Harsin[11]
[12] introduced the concept of the "rumor bomb" as a response to the widespread empirical phenomenon of rumoresque communication in contemporary relations between media and politics, especially within the complex convergence of multiple forms of media, from cell phones and internet, to radio, TV, and print. Harsin starts with the widespread definition of rumor as a claim whose truthfulness is in doubt and which often has no clear source even if its ideological or partisan origins and intents are clear. He then treats it as a particular rhetorical strategy in current contexts of media and politics in many societies. For Harsin a "rumor bomb" extends the definition of rumor into a political communication concept with the following features:
  1. A crisis of verification. - A crisis of verification is perhaps the most salient and politically dangerous aspect of rumor. Berenson (1952) defines rumor as a kind of persuasive message involving a proposition that lacks 'secure standards of evidence' (Pendleton 1998).[13]
  2. A context of public uncertainty or anxiety about a political group, figure, or cause, which the rumor bomb overcomes or transfers onto an opponent.
  3. A clearly partisan even if an anonymous source (e.g. "an unnamed advisor to the president"), which seeks to profit politically from the rumor bomb’s diffusion.
  4. A rapid diffusion via highly developed electronically mediated societies where news travels fast.
In addition, Harsin locates the "rumor bomb" within other communication genres, such as disinformation (intentional false information) and propaganda,as rumor has been viewed by others. However, he distinguishes it from these concepts as well, since disinformation is often too associated with government, and propaganda is a widely varying concept used to describe attempts to control opinion without regard for ethics and accuracy of statement. Similarly, "spin" is a generic term for strategic political communication that attempts to frame or re-frame an event or a statement in a way that is politically profitable for one side and detrimental to another, though at its core it may simply be a red herring (Bennett 2003, p. 130).[14]
In addition, a "smear campaign" is a term that loosely means a coordinated effort to attack a person's character. Unlike a "smear campaign," rumor bombs need not be about discrediting a person (as is the case for example in claims about Iraq and 9/11 or weapons of mass destruction moved to Syria). Spin refers too specifically to an event and its re-framing. Rumor bombs may seek to produce events themselves.
A rumor bomb can be seen as having some characteristics of these general concepts, but rumor bombs happen in very particular cultural and historical conditions. They are not about mouth-to-ear interpersonal rumors as much rumor research has been interested in. They begin in a rapport between deliberate "disinformers" and media, whether TV news,talk shows, newspapers, radio, or internet. They then circulate across these media, perhaps but not necessarily resulting in interpersonal mouth-to-ear rumor diffusion.[15][16]
Harsin wants to distinguish the rumor bomb from other more general concepts of rumor by emphasizing changes in politics, media technology, and culture. According to Harsin, rumor in politics has always existed, but recent changes have created an environment ripe for a new kind of political rumor: a new media "convergence culture" where information produced on the internet can influence the production of media content in other forms;new media technologies and business values that emphasize speed and circulation that combine with entertainment values in news, political marketing, and public craving of tabloid news that mirrors other entertainment genres.[15][16]
Rumors of affairs, of "weapons of mass destruction" and their alleged removal to other countries[17]"John Kerry is French,"[18] Obama is a Muslim, John McCain had an illegitimate black child[19] Obama's healthcare plan would legalize "death panels," Shirley Sherrod is a racist—all of these involve statements whose veracity is in question or are simply false. Others are statements whose ambiguous nature makes them potentially appealing to different audiences who may interpret them in particular ways and circulate them. Harsin builds on rumor research that has emphasized social cognition and diffusion of propaganda. He extends Prashant and Difonzio's work in particular, since they attempt to distinguish rumor from gossip, in that rumor is supposedly about public issues and gossip is about private, trivial things. The emergence of infotainment and tabloidization in especially American and British news has broken that distinction, since politics is now just as much about bringing the private into the public view, as was clear with the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal.

2013年10月19日星期六

SPRO-SM30-SM34


以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置


    后台配置通常是以事物码SPRO进入,但一些场合需要将后台的配置放到前台完成,具体操作参见《后台配置转至前台操作》。除事物码外,在前台进行配置很多场合是通过维护视图(Views)或视图簇(View Cluster)的方式进行。维护视图事物码是SM30,视图簇则是SM34。
    所谓视图就是配置的基本界面是一张列表总览,可以对条目进行添加、复制、修改、删除等操作,如图 1所示。而视图簇则是左边有一个多级的树形目录,根据目录指向,右侧可以进行维护,通常也是视图形式,如图 2所示,视图簇可以分解成若干个视图进行维护。
以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置
图 1视图维护_公司代码
以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置
图 2 视图簇维护_字段状态变式
    SM30与SM34的初始操作界面类似,如图 3、图 4所示,都需输入指定的视图(簇)的名字,两者都可以对显示或维护的范围进行限制,其中SM30是用单选按钮形式提供,而SM34是以选择框的形式表现。
    两者的初始屏幕下面都有四个按钮,其中左数第一个是“显示”,进入后只可查看;第二个是“维护”,进入后可以创建及维护;第三个“传输”是创建传输请求;而第四个“Customizing”(定制)则可以查找当前视图(簇)在后台的IMG路径。
以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置
图 3 SM30初始界面(维护公司代码)
以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置
图 4 SM34初始界面(字段状态变式)
    以图 3为例,输入表名“V_T001”后,点击“Customizing”(定制)按钮弹出图 5对话框,点击“跳过”按钮,系统再弹出对话框显示查到的后台IMG路径,可以看到结果有多个(如图 6所示),选中最常用的第一条(可任意选择),点击确认键(以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置),系统就转至后台IMG路径界面如图 7所示。
以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置
图 5 选择定制项目对话框
以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置
图 6 查到的IMG路径清单
以维护视图(簇)的方式进行配置
图 7 IMG路径界面

2013年10月14日星期一

STO学习-由Wacom项目-Return-From Intrasit(in) to SL

http://help.sap.com/saphelp_erp2004/helpdata/en/4d/2b90dc43ad11d189410000e829fbbd/content.htm

Function documentation Stock Transfer Using Stock Transport Order Locate the document in its SAP Library structure
UseA number of procedures are available to enable you to transfer materials from one plant to another:
 Stock Transfer Between Plants in One Step Locate the document in its SAP Library structureUseThis type of stock transfer can only be carried out in Inventory Management. Neither Shipping in the issuing plant nor Purchasing in the receiving plant is involved in the process.
Transferring stock in one step has the following characteristics:

  • The stock transfer is entered as a transfer posting in Inventory Management.
  • The transfer posting can be planned by creating a reservation.
  • The quantity of the stock transferred is posted immediately from the unrestricted-use stock of the issuing plant to the unrestricted-use stock of the receiving plant
  • The transfer posting is valuated at the valuation price of the material in the issuing plant.
  • If the plants involved belong to different company codes, the transfer between plants is also a transfer between company codes. In this case, the system creates two accounting documents for the transfer posting. The stock posting is offset against a company code clearing account.

 Stock Transfer Between Plants in Two Steps Locate the document in its SAP Library structure
Use
This type of stock transfer can only be carried out in Inventory Management. Neither Shipping in the issuing plant nor Purchasing in the receiving plant is involved in the process.
The stock transfer includes the following processes:
  1. A goods issue in the issuing plant
  2. A goods receipt in the receiving plant
Transferring stock in two steps has the following characteristics:
  • The transfer posting cannot be planned by creating a reservation.
  • The quantity posted from stock is first of all managed as stock in transfer in the receiving plant. Only once the goods receipt has been posted is the quantity posted to the unrestricted-use stock of the receiving plant.
This enables the quantity "on the road" to be monitored.
  • The transfer posting is valuated at the valuation price of the material in the issuing plant.
  • If the plants involved belong to different company codes, the transfer between plants is also a transfer between company codes. In this case, the system creates two accounting documents when the goods issue is posted. The stock posting is offset against a company code clearing account.


Stock Transport Order Without Delivery Locate the document in its SAP Library structure
PurposeThis type of stock transfer not only involves Inventory Management but Purchasing in the receiving plant. The goods issue posting in Inventory Management is carried out without the involvement of SD.Characteristics of a Stock Transfer Order
  • The quantity posted from stock is first of all managed as stock in transit of the receiving plant. Only once the goods receipt has been posted is the quantity posted to the unrestricted-use stock of the receiving plant.

This enables the quantity "on the road" to be monitored.
  • Delivery costs can be entered in the stock transport order.
  • The transfer posting is valuated at the valuation price of the material in the issuing plant.
  • If the plants involved belong to different company codes, the transfer between plants is also a transfer between company codes. In this case, the system creates two accounting documents when the goods issue is posted. The stock posting is offset against a company code clearing account.
Process Flow
  1. Creating a stock transport order in the receiving plant
  2. Plant A would like to order materials from plant B. Plant A enters a stock transfer order. The stock transfer is used to plan the movement.
  3. Posting a goods issue in the issuing plant
  4. Plant B supplies the goods to plant A. Plant B enters the goods issue for the stock transfer order. The goods are then posted to the stock in transit of the receiving plant.
  5. Posting a goods receipt in the receiving plant

Once the goods arrive in the receiving plant, the plant posts the goods receipt. The stock in transit is therefore reduced and the unrestricted-use stock increased.
The goods receipt is entered with reference to the purchase order.


Stock Transport Order with Delivery via Shipping Locate the document in its SAP Library structure
PurposeThe following components are involved in this type of stock transfer:

  • Purchasing (MM-PUR) in entering the order
  • Shipping (LE-SHP) in making the delivery from the issuing plant
  • Inventory Management (MM-IM) at goods receipt in the receiving plant
Characteristics of a Stock Transfer Order
  • The quantity posted from stock is first of all managed as stock in transit of the receiving plant. Only once the goods receipt has been posted is the quantity posted to the unrestricted-use stock of the receiving plant.

This enables the quantity "on the road" to be monitored.
  • Delivery costs can be entered in the stock transport order.
  • The transfer posting is valuated at the valuation price of the material in the issuing plant.
  • If the plants involved belong to different company codes, the transfer between plants is also a transfer between company codes. In this case, the system creates two accounting documents when the goods issue is posted. The stock posting is offset against a company code clearing account.
Process Flow
  1. Creating a stock transport order in the receiving plant
  2. Plant A would like to order materials from plant B. Plant A enters a stock transfer order. The stock transfer is used to plan the movement.
  3. Posting a delivery in the issuing plant
  4. Plant B supplies the goods to plant A. Plant B enters a replenishment delivery in Shipping. The goods are then posted to the stock in transit of the receiving plant.
  5. Posting a goods receipt in the receiving plant

Once the goods arrive in the receiving plant, the plant posts a goods receipt for the delivery. The stock in transit is therefore reduced and the unrestricted-use stock increased.
FeaturesAdvantages of the Stock Transport OrderThe transfer of stock using a stock transport order has the following advantages over the transfer of stock without a stock transport order:

  • A goods receipt can be planned in the receiving plant.
  • You can enter a vendor (transport vendor) in the stock transport order.
  • Delivery costs can be entered in the stock transport order.
  • The stock transfer order is part of MRP: Purchase requisitions that were created in MRP can be converted into stock transport orders.
  • The goods issue can be entered using a delivery via Shipping (LE-SHP).
  • The goods receipt can be posted directly to consumption.
  • The entire process can be monitored via the purchase order history.
Stock Transport Order with Delivery and Billing Document/Invoice Locate the document in its SAP Library structurePurposeWith this type of stock transfer, the transfer posting is not valuated at the valuation price of the material in the issuing plant, but is defined in both the issuing and receiving plants using conditions.

Caution
Stock transfers that include deliveries and billing documents/invoices are only possible between plants belonging to different company codes.
If you want to carry out a cross-company-code stock transport order with delivery but without a billing document, you must set the Relevant for Billing (data element FKREL) indicator in Customizing of the item type to "blank" (Not relevant for billing).
The following applications are involved in this type of stock transfer:
  • Purchasing (MM-PUR) in entering the order
  • Shipping (LE-SHP) in making the delivery from the issuing plant
  • Billing (SD-BIL) in creating the billing document for the delivery
  • Inventory Management (MM-IM) at goods receipt in the receiving plant
  • Invoice Verification (MM-IV) at invoice receipt in the receiving plant
Characteristics of a Stock Transfer Order
  • The quantity posted from the stock of the issuing plant is managed neither in the issuing plant nor in the receiving plant. The quantity is first posted to the unrestricted-use stock of the receiving plant in the goods receipt posting. After the goods issue has been posted, the stock overview displays the quantity transferred as Stock in trans. CC. This stock is determined dynamically for stock balance display.
  • With this transfer posting, price determination is carried out in both Purchasing and Sales & Distribution (SD).

  • In Purchasing, the price of the material in question is determined in the usual manner (from the info record, for example).
  • In SD, pricing is also carried out as normal during the billing process.
  • The goods movements are valuated at the price determined in each case.
  • Accounting documents are created for the following transactions:
  • Goods issue
  • Goods receipt
  • Billing
  • Invoice receipt
Stock Transport Order with Valuated and Non-Valuated Sales Order StockWhen entering goods issues for cross-company-code stock transport orders, you can work with both valuated and non-valuated sales order stock (E) using the one-step procedure (movement type 645) and the two-step procedure (movement type 643). In the MRP view of the material master record (MRP 4) you determine the stock from which material is to be withdrawn by selecting the Dependent requirements indicator for individual and collective requirements. There are three options:
  • Indicator set to Blank (individual and collective requirements): Material is removed from sales order stock
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Characteristics of the Various Stock Transfer Procedures
The following table lists the characteristics of the individual procedures used for stock transfer.

Plant to plant
1 step
Plant to plant
2 steps
St. trnsp. ord. w/o SDSt. trnsp. ord. with SDSt. trnsp. ord. with billing
Order type
MM-PUR
--UBUBNB
Movement type
MM-IM
Transfer postg. using 301GI: 303
GR: 305
GI: 351
GR: 101
GI: 641
GR: 101
GI: 643
GR: 101
Delivery type SD---NLNLCC
Billing type SD----IV
Doc. type MM-IV----RE
PriceValuation priceValuation priceValuation priceValuation pricePricing in SD and MM
Planning via...Reservation-Purchase orderPurchase orderPurchase order
Stock after GI-Stock in transferStock in TransitStock in Transit(Stock in transit CC)
Delivery costs--yesyesyes
Cross-company-code via...Company code clearingCompany code clearingCompany code clearingCompany code clearingRevenue account;
GR/IR clearing



Note
You can find an overview of all the movement types in the Implementation Guide (IMG) for Inventory Management in the stepCopy/Change Movement Types.
ActivitiesGoods Issue in Inventory Management or in ShippingYou can enter a goods issue for the stock transport order in either Inventory Management (MM-IM) or Shipping (LE-SHP). For goods issues in Shipping, a replenishment delivery is created (see also Posting Goods Issue in Shipping).
Prerequisites for Goods Issues in Shipping:To process the goods issue via Shipping, the following prerequisites must be fulfilled (see also Structure link Goods Movements via Shipping):
  • In Customizing for Purchasing, a delivery type must be assigned to the purchasing document type. If the document type does not have a delivery type, you can post the goods issue only in Inventory Management.
  • The customer number of the receiving plant must also be maintained in Customizing for Purchasing.
  • In the Customizing system of Sales & Distribution, the shipping point determination must be maintained.
  • In the material master record, shipping data must be maintained.
If the document type contains a delivery type but another requirement is missing (for example, shipping data), you receive either a warning message or an error message (depending on the system configuration) when you try to enter the stock transport order.
If you receive a warning message, you can create the stock transport order, but you can post the goods issue for this item only in Inventory Management.
Stock Transfer Using the Stock Determination FunctionIf you want to withdraw material for stock transfers from various storage locations and stocks according to a particular strategy, the R/3 System can support you using Structure link Stock Determination.
Leaving content frame

2013年10月11日星期五

Message no. M3820

"Tables TCURM and T001W inconsistent; notify your systems administrator"

Diagnosis

Valuation is at plant level. However, inconsistencies have arisen because of the way in which the plant was configured in Customizing or because plants have not been assigned to a company code.


Procedure
Contact your system administrator.

Procedure for systems administrators
1. Check the assignment of plants to company code.
Proceed
2. Check the configuration of the valuation level.
Proceed
3. If the assignments are correct, check the entries in table T001W.
Proceed

---------------------------------
solution:
OX18
OMSY
OX17
---------------------------------

2013年10月8日星期二

SAP的配置传输


在SAP项目的实施过程中,经常会遇到关于配置传输的问题。即我们在某个client下面做系统配置,配好了之后再传到其他系统之中。
 
配置传输分为两种情况:同服务器配置传输,异服务器配置传输。
 
同服务器配置传输:
在DEV配置client下做完配置后,会根据系统要求产生一个请求号(前提是basis放出自动产生请求号的权限)。最好每一次配置都单独创建一个新的请求号,并填写这次请求的描述(这个描述一定要认真填写,非常重要,以免日后不知道当初这个配置是配了什么),保存。
 
然后到接收配置的client下,用事务代码SCC1,找到相应的请求号,点击上面的传输按钮(注意不要勾上那个“测试”的勾),不报错则完成传输。
 
异服务器配置传输:异服务器配置传输较为复杂,具体的操作也因系统的不同而有所差别,但大体的流程应该如下:
 
1)在配置client下输入事务代码SE10,找到之前所有的传输请求,包括工作台(workbench)请求和配置(customizing)请求
 
2)逐一释放(release)所有的请求。
 
3)登陆到接收配置的client,输入事务代码STMS,点击传输(transport)按钮,选择相应系统
 
4)找到之前相应的传输请求,并逐一进行接收(import)动作
 
跨client请求——肯定是同服务器,例如在dev200定制好了,dev900就自动更新了
非跨client请求——同一服务器上,一个client中配置好后,需要传输到另外的client上
 
在进行统一的配置传输时,合理的顺序应该是FICO模块先传,而后各后勤模块再开始传输。
 
 
 
tips:
=============================================================================================
配置顾问自己释放,但是传输是basis统一传输的好,因为如果配置顾问自己传输的话,可能会出现同事几个请求并发传输的情况,可能出现锁表,或者后台进程不够用的情况;
 
SE01 SE09 SE10 STMS 请求传输的相关事务代码;
 
 
关于SAP中的传输机制
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sap中的传输机制,即有一个传输请求,它到底是从哪里传到哪里(假定有开发,测试和生产环境且物理分离),这中间的步骤和过程(涉及到申请者,传输者,开发者....)?
 
如何获取指定时间内的传输记录,现在有两种方法,一种是在stms中查看transport log,另一种是查表E070,通过输入条件筛选 or E071。

2013年7月16日星期二

Digest-Billing Plan-2

Entering content frame
Check this out!

http://help.sap.com/saphelp_dimp50/helpdata/EN/dd/56163b545a11d1a7020000e829fd11/content.htm

Almost the same with the Digest-Billing Plan-1,but it contains more info..

Function documentation Customizing Locate the document in its SAP Library structure
UseThe following Customizing settings have to be made for down payment processing:Settings for the billing plan:To activate the billing plan function, maintain the materials, for which you wish to process down payments, with item category group 0005 (milestone billing). This gives the item type TAO via item type determination. The item type TAO calls up the billing plan function.
You need to implement the following activities in the billing plan for down payments:
  • Maintaining the deadline type: This determines the billing rule (percentage or value down payment) for the down payment request.
  • The system assigns billing type FAZ (payment request) defined in the standard system with billing category P. (For the billing type FAZ there is the cancellation billing document type FAS in the standard system).
  • Maintaining deadline proposal: Use the down payments that are due for the proposed deadlines.
Maintaining a Pricing Procedure with the Condition Type AZWR:
  • In the standard system the condition type AZWR is delivered for the down payment value already provided but which has not yet been calculated. You must include this condition type in the relevant pricing procedure before output tax.
  • Enter condition 2 (item with pricing) and the calculation formula 48 (down payment clearing value must not be bigger than the item value) for the condition type AZWR.
  • Before the condition AZWR you can create a subtotal with the base value calculation formula 2 (net value). If the condition AZWR is changed manually, you can get information on the original system proposal from the subtotal.
  • Maintain the printing indicator.
  • The pricing procedure can not be marked as a transaction-specific pricing procedure (field Spec.proc.)
  • The condition type AZWR has the calculation type B (fixed amount) and the condition category E (down payment request / clearing).
Note
No statistical or inactive conditions are set in a down payment item. If you require these conditions, use the user exit USEREXIT_PRICING_COPY in include RV61AFZA.
Maintaing the Billing Document
  • In the standard system there is the billing type FAZ (down payment request) and for cancelling the billing type FAS.
  • Controlling the down payment is done using the billing category P of the billing type. A billing type becomes a down payment request when the billing category P is assigned.
  • You have to maintain blocking reason 02 (complete confirmation missing) for the billing documents and assign it to billing type FAZ.
  • Copying control:
Copying requirement 20 must be entered in copying control at item level for the down payment request. In the standard system the order type TA for copying control is set up according to the billing type FAZ for the item category TAO.
Copying requirement 23 must be entered in copying control at item level for down payment clearing. In the standard system the order type TA for copying control is set up according to the billing type F2 for the item category TAO.
Financial Accounting settings:A prerequisite for down payment processing is that the account is assigned to the underlying sales document. To do this, change the field status settings in Customizing as follows:
  • Set reconciliation accounts (transaction OBXR)
For the ‘received down payments’ and ‘down payment requests’ from the G/L accounts you have selected, you should assign the field status definition G031.
  • Maintain accounting configuration (transaction OBXB)
For the down payments (posting key ANZ in the standard system) and the output tax clearing (posting key MVA in the standard system), you must maintain the posting key.
You must also carry out a G/L account number assignment for the tax account.
  • Maintain the posting key (transaction OB41)
For posting key 19 set the sales order as an optional field !!!
  • Maintain the field status definition (transaction OB14)
For field status variant 0001, field status group G031, set the sales order as an optional field !!!
  • Assign the company code to the field status variants (transaction OBC5)
Leaving content frame

2013年7月9日星期二

浮夸歌词

浮夸歌词

有人问我,我就会讲

SAP实施Roll out项目经验谈(二)

SAP实施Roll out项目经验谈(二) (2008-12-23 15:19:33)

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_3eeba4010100c5vr.html

上一篇谈到roll out项目的实施主体思路及项目管理方面要注意的事项,本篇着重谈技术与数据方面的问题。

技术方面,由于上篇所讲到的诸多限制,与全新的项目也有所不同。本人只在后勤方面有所了解,因此只能简单谈一下后勤方面配置的注意事项。总的来说,就是要注意在做系统配置的时候,不要忽视了已经存在的东西。有些配置或许在原始项目中已经做了,而且不是使用的标准设置,在做roll out项目的时候就要特别引起注意,不要因为roll out把母公司的业务给搅乱了。
技术方面的问题不能分门别类地谈,比较零乱,只能说一点是一点了。
1. 语言问题。
尤其是在跨国roll out项目中,一定要注意语言的问题。比如,在国家设置中,如果选定了语言,则在发往别国的采购单上,国家代码是以本国语言显示的。如果实际业务中不能做成这样,国家代码里就不要去选这个语言,让系统根据登录的语言自动确定即可。
再如,采购单的form,是有多种语言的。如果要拷贝出来更改的话,一定要注意拷贝多种语言。只在一种语言下拷贝,有可能导致其他语言下的采购单出问题。
2. 数据分类
着重谈一下物料类型。在roll out项目中,很多都会涉及到公司间交易。不论是跨公司销售,还是公司间采购,如果这种公司间交易是采用系统标准的模式来做,都会涉及到同一个物料编码在多个工厂之间应用的问题。这时,一个物料是什么物料类型就成为一个很重要的问题。
物料类型里有获取类型的限制。比如ROH的物料一般是只允许外部采购,不允许自制的。而在公司间交易时,往往在这个工厂是原材料的东西,在另一个工厂应该是成品。这时候,如果把它设置为原材料物料类型,在另一个工厂就无法做生产了。
物料类型里也有视图控制。HAWA里是没有工作计划的视图的。如果某个工厂向另一工厂采购物料后直接销售,往往会把它设置为HAWA类型。但是在另一个工厂,它就是自制品,需要生产的。
诸如此类的问题往往会导致物料类型分类方面的麻烦,需要特别加以注意。
3. 采购批准策略
如果原始项目中没有使用批准策略,而在roll out的时候,子公司需要使用的话,要注意特性设置上用公司代码或者采购组织等区分开来,而不能简单地使用一个单据类型实现这个功能。
4. 物料特殊获取类型
在MRP2视图里有一个字段叫作special procurement type。这里可以定义物料在另一工厂生产。象这种涉及到公司间交易的字段要着重加以确认。
5. 输出条件记录
要记得用MN*去维护各种输出的条件记录。尤其在跨国公司中,要注意维护出口税条件类型。
6. 在基础数据的设置中注意国家的正确维护
比如shipping piont的国家设置,有时候直接从原始项目中的某个拷过来了,改的时候只注意地址细节之类,没有注意到国家是不同的。这个是很容易忽略的。因为国家这个概念太大了,一般不会去理会它。在跨国公司roll out时尤其要注意。
7. EDI配置
在roll out项目中,有时会用到公司间交易。公司间交易的发票自动入账可以通过EDI实现,所以要注意EDI的相关配置。
8. 税码设置
SAP有个专门的notes来说这个事情。跨公司销售时,在F2类型的发票上,税码是如何确定的呢?可以由出货工厂和客户所在国家来确定,也可以由销售组织和客户所在国家来确定。默认是前一种。如果要用后一种,要手工把notes打上。
9. ERS的使用
在原始项目中,一般只有外部供应商,不会启用ERS功能。但在roll out项目中,有可能会使用ERS,因为内部供应商一般来说是可信任的。
10. GR-Based IV
原始项目中一般都要启用基于收货的发票校验。但在公司间交易中,有可能会使用基于PO的发票校验。尤其是在使用公司间采购流程同时使用EDI传送发票时,最好使用基于PO的发票校验。这样在发货方发货做Billing之后,对方可以立即入账。如果启用基于收货的发票校验,则因为还没有做收货,会出现无法过账的IDOC。
11. MRP的运行范围
多个工厂联合运行MRP,在roll out项目中可能是经常遇到的。要注意修改相关的配置。
12. Client层级的字段选择
比如物料主数据,供应商主数据,inforecord等,都有client层级的或者事务代码层级的字段选择设置。在改动这一类设置的时候,一定要小心。本人曾经改动过一个物料主数据的设置,为了针对某个工厂设置某个字段,把原始项目的相关字段组全部改为工厂级,还原为原来的设置,只把需要的工厂下的该字段属性做了改动。最后却发现考虑不周,影响了其他已经上线的公司,造成了很不好的影响。

技术方面和数据方面,需要注意的地方很多。本文只是列出一些本人所了解到的一小部分而已,希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用。

SAP实施Roll out项目经验谈(一)

SAP实施Roll out项目经验谈(一) (2008-12-23 10:11:30)

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_3eeba4010100c1ci.html

本系列文章主要讨论在SAP实施Roll out项目中需要注意的事项,包括思路与项目管理,技术细节与数据两个部分。

本文讨论项目实施实施的思路与项目管理方面。

Roll out项目,本身在很多方面不同于全新的实施项目。它在很多方面受制于Global的实施思路和系统配置的影响。这种影响主要体现在以下几个方面。
第一,业务流程限制
与全新项目不同,Roll out项目的业务流程都是已经定好了的。实施的过程是一个把已有的业务流程复制到另一个子公司的过程。这就从根本上规定,业务流程实现方式必须以母公司为模板。尤其是跨公司交易的业务,公司间采购,跨公司销售等,更是必须遵从母公司的流程。
第二,数据分类限制
全新的项目可以根据公司的需要去定制统计分析模板,关键数据,特征字段等,都可以自行设计;但在Roll out项目中,不可避免地要受到母公司统计分析要求的制约。比如物料类型定义,涉及统计分析的字段内容定义如客户组,物料组等。CO模块更是有很多定义好的结构,是必须要严格遵从不能更改的。
第三,实施过程限制
全新的项目可以按照ASAP的方法论进行项目实施。但在Roll out项目里则不一定。根据签订合同内容的不同,实施的过程有可能会不同于全新项目。比如某个项目的Roll out合同规定,该Roll out项目必须完全拷贝母公司的流程,不允许有子公司个性化设置。在这种前提下,业务流程调研这一步的工作就几乎被忽略了,实施重点只是业务实现和培训。实施团队的任务不是根据子公司的实际业务制定流程,而是主要负责把母公司的流程介绍给子公司,子公司严格按既定的业务流程操作。
第四,法律法规限制
这一点在跨国公司roll out项目中尤其明显。各个国家法律法规不尽相同,从而导致公司业务流程不完全相同,这是显而易见的。比如税种不同,海关规定不同,甚至业务操作模式不同。这些都要在Roll out项目中予以充分的考虑。
第五,实施时间限制
一般来说,Roll out项目的实施时间都会比全新项目的实施时间短。常规的Roll out实施一般是三到四个月,而全新项目一般至少要六个月以上。
由于诸多类似限制的存在,我们在做Roll out项目时,要从项目实施思路的层次确立指导思想,在项目管理的层次严格落实。指导思想的正确是项目成功的前提。不要认为这是空话套话,象天朝官员讲话一样。事实上,指导思想绝对是项目实施中至关重要的一个环节。平时注意不到它,是因为它不大会出错。一旦指导思想出了偏差,项目离失败就不远了。这一点适用于全新的项目和Roll out项目。
第一,在母子公司之间确定主次。
各个企业结构不同,母公司对子公司的控制力度也不同。有些公司母公司控制力非常强,大权独揽,相对于子公司来说,是我叫你干啥你干啥,没叫你干的你就别干;另一些公司,相对松散,子公司相对拥有较大的自由度,除了关键问题,子公司具有“我说了算”的权力。在做Roll out项目的时候,确定公司间的这种主次关系是首要的任务。就本次实施任务来说,是子公司说了算,还是母公司说了算?这一点要在参与实施的各方之间达成共识。
在项目组织的架构上,如果以母公司为主,则项目经理应该是母公司的派出人员;在实施过程中,项目经理对子公司与项目相关的部分应该有相对较大的决定权。子公司项目参与人员更多的是被动的接受,而不是在某些需要做决定的有争议的部分,指手划脚。如果以子公司为主,则项目经理应该是子公司的人员,或者母公司派出人员。项目实施过程中更多地考虑子公司自身的业务,母公司已经设置好的流程等只是作为参照。
曾经有一个项目,母子公司之间在这一点上没有达成共识。母公司认为子公司应该以复制母公司现有流程为主,基本不考虑额外的需求。如果有困难要从流程改变上去解决;但母公司又没有派出项目经理,甚至没有人全程参与,仅仅依靠实施顾问方进行知识转移,阻力之大可想而知。子公司参与人员没有理性的期望值,对项目要求过高。这种项目注定是不成功的。可能不是失败的,但最终效果一定是不理想的。
第二,注重与母公司的沟通。
对于roll out项目来讲,不仅仅要在项目内部进行沟通管理,而且要在项目与母公司之间进行顺畅的沟通管理。项目组必须要建立项目与母公司顺畅的沟通渠道。实施过程中,不可避免地会需要与母公司进行各方面的沟通。特别是有CR提出来时,如果迟迟得不到解决,会大大地拖延项目进行,也会严重影响到项目人员的积极性。
值得一提的是,不论是母公司为主,还是子公司为主,母公司一定要有熟悉项目的人参与到子公司的实施过程中来。一个熟悉原始项目的参与者带来的效益,好过一堆文档。相信大家对这一点是认同的。囿于时间,资金等限制,几乎没有什么项目能够在文档上做到与项目实际进程齐头并进,保证文档是最新最准确的。除非是一个专门以交付文档为目的的项目。在这个前提下,原始项目参与者带来的知识就显得异常重要。而且,很多东西是无法写在文档中的,它只存在于人的大脑里。没有原始项目人员的参与,roll out项目实施过程中,就只能不断地通过电话邮件等方式与母公司联系。这对项目进行的效率影响是相当大的。尤其是跨国公司,加上时差原因,沟通效果就更大打折扣。
第三,适当降低期望值。
无论是在全新实施项目中,还是在roll out项目中,这一点都是相当重要的。如果客户对项目的期望值过高,实施起来就会难度重重。优秀的咨询顾问,应该知道如何帮助客户建立适当的期望值。迫于签单的压力,销售人员往往会有意无意地夸大系统的功能,给后来的实施埋下隐患。顾问进场后,很重要的一个任务就是要管理客户的期望值。
尤其是在roll out项目中,要先给客户定下调子,这个项目不可能有很多的自由度,或许有很多实际的业务流程无法在系统中满足,只能通过更改现有的操作习惯的方式来解决实际问题。在数据分类,跨公司业务等涉及到全球模板的方面,要想更改是很不容易的,除非有特别的理由。
当客户对系统能够实现的功能有了较为合理的定位时,项目推进过程中就会避免很多抱怨。客户的主要精力才会由压迫顾问做事,转向自我改良去适应全球模板要求。
这并不是敷衍客户。全球模板之所以能被推广,一般来说不会有什么根本性的缺陷。某个子公司的特殊需求,经过认真分析,大部分可以在全球模板中找到解决的方案。
第四,给予培训工作更多的重视。
对于全新的项目来讲,事前的流程讨论,业务蓝图的设置,需要用去很多的时间。这部分的工作做得越仔细,越认真,后续的系统实现和测试等就会越顺利。而在这整个过程中,关键用户都是全程参与的,无形之中他们已经学习了很多系统知识。同时,由于项目时间久,关键用户对系统的了解是由浅入深逐步进行的,会有时间去消化所学到的内容,后来的操作培训就会相对容易一些。
但对于roll out项目来讲,流程讨论部分其实是全球模板的介绍,仅对不符合实际业务的部分进行讨论和定义。由于时间短,关键用户没有太多的时间去理解系统的逻辑,对他们不可避免地要实行填鸭式培训,效果也相对差一些。常常是学了前面忘了后面。另一方面,由于系统功能已经经过原始项目的完整测试,一般来说在测试过程中出现的问题也少一些,关键用户通过测试发现问题,了解问题出现的原因的过程中,学到的知识也会相对较少。由此,培训工作在roll out项目中就要占据更大的比重。
第五,整理数据时注意全局性。
一般来说,roll out项目整理数据时,母公司的系统已经运行了一段时间。在数据的分类上,数据标准上,都已经有了现成的标准。更有许多物料供应商客户等数据,是母公司系统中已经存在的。因此在数据搜集和整理的过程中,要特别注意这一点。要过滤母公司已经存在的数据,新的数据定义,分类要与母公司保持一致。
从项目管理角度来说,要想避免冗余数据或者错误定义,应当由母公司对数据进行检查。但往往这是一个不可能的任务。因此,顾问应该对数据搜集投入一定的精力。这里又有一个矛盾。一般来说,数据搜集是客户的任务,顾问只提供模板,不参与实际的搜集整理过程。我认为,这是一个很不好的现象。数据是SAP系统运行的基础,如果数据做不好,系统的运行就不会令人满意。顾问作为系统专家,应该参与到数据搜集当中去。最好是在项目合同中就明确,顾问应该参与数据搜集整理,当然,咨询公司因此要得到一定的报酬。还要界定责任,顾问应当主动检查用户数据,并提出专业的意见。事实上,客户在搜集数据的过程中,也经常会向顾问请教。但是主动的参与和被动的指导,其效果肯定是大不一样的。这一点,不论是全新项目还是roll out项目都适用。
第六,上线切换注意关联交易。
上线时的切换工作方面,roll out项目和全新项目有一些不同。主要体现在跨公司业务方面。在子公司上线时,母公司往往已经运行了一段时间,且与子公司有业务往来。未清的跨公司交易业务如何处理?这是在roll out项目中要考虑的。在全新的项目中则不必考虑这一点,只需考虑到对客户,对供应商的未清业务即可。而公司间交易与外部客户和供应商显然有不同之处。

总之,roll out项目不同于全新项目,在项目管理的指导思想上,项目经理要区别对待,针对性地加强对相关环节的控制。

2013年7月1日星期一

Digest-Billing Plan-down payment condition type (azwr)

LO615 Billing中的一个练习。感觉这是一个相对不错的练习(培训中大部分练习感觉都是鸡肋) 一个down paymentbilling过程涉及到了billing plan以及FI clear过程。短短几步但是可以看出billing plan的作用和clear的过程。

-1   Create a standard order (OR) for customer T-S66F## (sales organization 1000,
      distribution channel 10 and division 00). This customer orders an elevator (material
      number: T-FS2##). The purchase order number is ##LO615-AZ.
2-1-1 Go to the billing plan.
            Select the item and choose →→ goto->item->billing plan
2-1-2 Create an invoice for the down payment request.

            Enter the order number above and choose the  to
            restrict the dates as described above.

            => Billing type FAZ is used for billing the down payment request
2-1-3 The customer paid the down payment that was figured into the invoice. Post the payment.

Accounting->FI->Customer->Document Entry->Down Payment->Down payment
Doc Date: current date
customer account: 1280
Special G/L indicator: A
Bank Account:113100
Amount: Refer FI Doc generated by billing doc
Choose Request

Select the down payment requests in the list and choose  .
Save.

2-1-4 Now execute the milestone billing process for the first settlement period
=> Two items appear in the billing document:
            The amount from the first partial billing document and the down payments made by the customer that still need to be settled

2-1-5 How could you arrange for the down payment to be only partially calculated, into the first partial invoice?

Condition type AZWR is used especially for down payment processing. If you only want to carry out partial settlement, you can select the down payment item to be settled in the billing document, branch to the pricing screen, and change the value of condition type AZWR.

2-1-6 Check the document flow for this order.

IDES与培训环境数据对应:
Company code            1000                      1000

Sales organization      1000                      1000

Distribution channel    10 or 14                  10 or 14

Division                00                        00

Shipping point          1200                      1200

Plant                   1200                      1200

Customer                T-S66A##                  2141

                        T-S66B##                  2141

                        T-S66C##                  2141

                        T-S66D##                  2141

                        T-S66E##                  1171

                        T-S66F##                  1280

Materials               T-ASA##                   M-06

                        T-ASB##                   M-07

                        T-ASC##                   M-08

                        T-ASD##                   M-09

                        T-ZS2##                   REPAIR_SERVICE


                        T-FS2##                   E-1002

配置见HELP

http://help.sap.com/saphelp_dimp50/helpdata/EN/dd/56163b545a11d1a7020000e829fd11/content.htm


BILLING PLAN中相关的配置,关键是 REFENCE 参考 0000000435




然后就可以在VF01中按F1类型开 形式发票了;



定价条件还需要考虑 SO中的 PAYMENT TERMS,注意AZWR被用到了~

http://scn.sap.com/thread/1501610
http://scn.sap.com/thread/759515

有关AZWR的2个帖子。

SO FAR~